16 evening, you examine the schedule for your favorite football team. The team plays sixteen games each season. Later you try recalling that schedule for a friend who likes the same team you do. Chances are, you will recall opponents at the beginning of the schedule particularly well. What is this phenomenon called? Answer= the primacy effect 17 often cites newspaper editorials favoring the presidential candidate he supports; he appears to ignore editorials critical of the candidate. Nigel appears prone to: Answer= the confirmation bias 18 you use the representativeness heuristic, you are Answer= basing your judgments on the extent to which an event matches your expectations 19 people are asked which is more common, death by homicide or death by stroke, they often choose homicide because they simply hear more about murders than they do about strokes. In this instance, people are led astray in their judgments by: Answer= the availability heuristic 20 advertising agency creates advertisements containing bright colors, plenty of motion, and unexpected events. A psychologist might remark that the advertisements contain________ objects. Answer= salient 21 or experiences that can be consciously remembered. Answer= Explicit Memory 22 ability to store and retrieve information over time. Answer= Memory 23 influence of experience on behavior, even if the individual is not aware of those influences. Answer= Implicit Memory 24 measure of explicit memory that involves bringing from memory information that has previously been remembered. Answer= Recall Memory Test 25 processes that we use to make sense of, modify, interpret, and store information in STM. Answer= Working Memory 26 memory about our often unexplainable knowledge of how to do things. Answer= Procedural Memory 27 where small amounts of information can be kept for more than a few seconds but less than one minute. Answer= short-term memory 28 processes of acquiring and using knowledge. Answer= cognition 29 process of organizing information into smaller groupings (chunks), thereby increasing the number of items that can be held in short-term memory. Answer= chuncking 30 process of reactivating information that has been stored in memory.= Retrieval 31 process by which we place the things that we experience into memory. Answer= encoding 32. Information-processing strategy that is useful in many cases but may lead to errors when misapplied. Answer= Heuristic Show
51.____ refers to superior retrieval of memories when the individual is in the same physiological or psychological state as during encoding. Answer= State-dependent learning 52 of knowledge in long-term memory that help us organize information are called . Answer= schemas 53. Which of the following statements describes the cognitive process of representativeness heuristic? Answer= We tend to make judgments according to how well the event matches our expectations. 54., the ability to accurately identify the source of a memory, is when our schemas may prevent us from seeing and using information in new and non-traditional ways. Answer= Functional fixedness 55._____ refers to attitude change that occurs over time when we forget the source of information. Answer= Sleeper effect 56._____ refers to errors in memory that occur when new information influences existing memories. Answer= The misinformation effect 57 heuristic is the tendency to: Answer= make judgments of the frequency or likelihood that an event occurs on the basis of the ease with which it can be retrieved from memory. 58 we can easily imagine that a result might have been worse that what actually happened, we may be more likely to experience happiness and satisfaction. The tendency to think about and experience events according to 'what might have been' This tendency is known as _____. Answer= counterfactual thinking 59 ability to think, to learn from experience, to solve problems, and to adapt to new situations. Answer= intelligence 60 ability to identify, assess, manage, and control one's emotions. Answer= Emotional Intelligence 61 misguided proposal that one could improve the human species by encouraging or permitting reproduction of only those people with genetic characteristics judged desirable. Answer= Eugenics 62 decrements that are caused by the knowledge of cultural stereotypes. Answer= stereotype threat 63 condition in which language functions are severely impaired. Answer= Aphasia 64, a psychology major, remarks that she has become interested in the study of intelligence. In other words, Ashley is interested in. Answer= the capacity to learn from experience, solve problems, and to adapt to new situations 65 practical problem Alfred Binet was trying to solve when he developed his intelligence test was: Answer= helping teachers better educating students of differing abilities 66 of the following is most likely to draw on crystallized intelligence? Answer= answering trivia questions 67 of changes in intelligence as a function of aging suggest that: Answer= fluid intelligence tends to decline with age in adults but crystallized intelligence does not 68 of the following is NOT among the three types of intelligence proposed by Sternberg? Answer= logical 69 intelligence tests tend to assess _______ thinking; tests of creativity tap into __________. Answer= convergent thinking; divergent thinking 70 cultures, such Taiwan's, place a high priority on how individuals relate to each other. It might be reasonable to hypothesize that Taiwanese adults might outscore American adults on a test of Gardner's _________ intelligence. Answer= interpersonal 71 formula for the intelligence quotient as Binet defined it is: Answer= MA/CA x 100 72 most commonly used IQ test in the United States is the: Answer= Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale 73 of the following is the best evidence for a genetic contribution to intelligence? Answer= the fact that intelligence scores of identical twins tend to be more similar than those of fraternal twins 74 is nervous as she begins her calculus final. She is not quite sure she can compete with the male students in her chemical engineering degree program. Maggie's performance on the calculus test may be impaired by: Answer= stereotype threat 75 is the study of: Answer= speech sounds 76 text reports the case of a girl named Genie who was exposed to virtually no language from the age of 20 months until the age of 13. In what way does Genie's case offer support for the notion of a critical period in language acquisition? Answer= Even with intensive instruction, Genie acquired only a very small vocabulary after the age of 13; furthermore, she never mastered the complexities of language 77 of the following defines aphasia? Answer= A condition in which language functions are severely impaired 78 does actual talking begin, on average, in children? Answer= 12 months 79 text states that a young chimpanzee named Loulis learned 70 signs simply by watching her mother, a chimpanzee named Washoe, use signs. Loulis demonstrated: Answer= observational learning 80 of the following statements best expresses the idea of linguistic relativity? Answer= Language influences thought. 81 of the following defines Broca's Area? Answer= The brain region responsible for language production 82 of the following defines Wernicke's Area? Answer= The brain region responsible for language comprehension 83 is meant by the notion of a critical period for language acquisition? Answer= it is the time in one's childhood in which language must develop if it is to be fully learned. The facial feedback hypothesis proposes that _____. Answer= the movement of our facial muscles can trigger corresponding emotions _____ is a physiological response to stress that involving interactions among the hypothalamus, the pituitary and the adrenal glands. Answer= The HPA axis _____ refers to the physiological responses that occur when an organism fails to respond appropriately to emotional or physical threats. Answer= Stress _____ is an emotional and behavioral reaction to stress that increases the readiness for action. Answer= Fight or flight response _____ is a behavioral reaction to stress that involves activities designed to create social networks that provide protection from threats. Answer= The tend and befriend response _____ is a general tendency to expect positive outcomes. Answer= Optimism _____ is the belief in our ability to carry out actions that produce desired outcomes. Answer= Self-efficacy Which of the following is a reason psychologists provide for people's ability, or the lack of it, to predict their future emotional states? Answer= People bring their coping skills to play when negative events occur to them, and this makes them feel better. _____ is the amount of energy expended while at rest. Answer= Basal metabolic rate _____ is an eating disorder characterized by extremely low body weight, distorted body image and an obsessive fear of gaining weight. Answer= Anorexia nervosa _____ is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging. Answer= Bulimia nervosa Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition in which so much excess body fat has accumulated in the body such that it begins to have an adverse impact on health. Answer= False _____ is when the body gradually returns to its pre-aroused stage. Answer= Resolution The sexual response cycle and sexual desire are regulated by the sex hormones estrogen in women and testosterone men. Answer= False The sexual response cycle and sexual desire are regulated by the sex hormones estrogen in women and testosterone in both women and in men. Answer= True The scientific study of how we feel about, think about, and behave toward the other people around us, and how those people influence our thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Answer= social psychology The tendency to dislike people because of their appearance or group memberships. Answer= Prejudice The positive emotions that we experience as a result of our group memberships. Answer= social identity The tendency to regulate behavior to meet the demands of social situations. Answer= self-monitoring Any behavior that is designed to increase another person's welfare, and particularly those actions that do not seem to provide a direct reward to the person who performs them. Answer= altruism The tendency over time to show weaker emotional responses to emotional stimuli. Answer= desensitization the tendency to perform tasks better or faster in the presence of others. Answer= social facilitation The process of trying to determine the causes of people's behavior, with the goal of learning about their personalities. Answer= causal attribution A strong emotional reaction that leads people to resist pressures to conform. Answer= psychological reactance The tendency to perform tasks more poorly or more slowly in the presence of others. Answer= social inhibition An outcome that occurs when a group, as a result of a flawed group process and strong conformity pressures, makes a very poor decision. Answer= groupthink The common tendency to overestimate the role of person factors and overlook the impact of social situations in judging others. Answer= fundamental attribution error The idea that observing or engaging in less harmful aggressive actions will reduce the tendency to aggress later in a more harmful way. Answer= catharsis occur when a person who is initially provoked cannot retaliate directly against the source of that provocation and, instead aggresses against a seemingly innocent target. Answer= displaced aggression _____ is the tendency to attribute personality characteristics to people on the basis of their external appearance or their social group memberships. Answer= Stereotyping _____ is the tendency to dislike people because of their group memberships. Answer= Prejudice ____ is negative behaviors toward others based on prejudice. Answer= Discrimination A _____ occurs when our expectations about the personality characteristics of others lead us to behave toward those others in ways that makes those beliefs come true. Answer= self-fulfilling prophecy The process of trying to determine the causes of people's behavior, with the goal of learning about their personalities is known as _____. Answer= causal attribution ___ refer(s) to our relatively enduring evaluations of people and things. Answer= Attitudes In psychodynamic psychology, the component of personality that is the largely conscious controller or decision-maker of personality. Answer= ego In psychodynamic psychology, the component of personality that represents our sense of morality and oughts. Answer= superego An approach to understanding human behavior that focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings and memories. Answer= psychodynamic psychology A test used around the world to identify personality and psychological disorders. Answer= Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory A measure of personality in which unstructured stimuli, such as inkblots, drawings of social situations, or incomplete sentences, are shown to participants, who are asked to freely list what comes to mind as they think about the stimuli. Answer= projective measure A projective measure of personality in which the respondent is asked to create stories about sketches of ambiguous situations, most of them of people, either alone or with others. Answer= Thematic Apperception Test The observation that people tend to believe in descriptions of their personality that supposedly are descriptive of them but could in fact describe almost anyone. Answer= Barnum effect ____was based on the idea that we could measure personality by assessing the patterns of bumps on people's skulls. Answer= Phrenology ____ was based on the idea that we could determine personality from people's body types. Answer= Somatology _____ is the idea that it is possible to assess personality from facial characteristics. Answer= Physiognomy Authoritarianism is a personality trait which can be described as: Answer= a cluster of traits including conventionalism, superstition, toughness, and exaggerated concerns with sexuality. People with _____ have an attitude of self-efficacy. Answer= an internal locus of control People with a promotion orientation are more motivated by goals of gaining money whereas those with prevention orientation are more concerned about losing money.' This is an example of which personality trait? Answer= Regulatory Focus According to the five-factor model of personality, openness to experience can be described as: Answer= a general appreciation for art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and variety of experience. Which of the following trait dimensions can be described as a tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement? Answer= Conscientiousness ____ is a tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic towards others. Answer= Agreeableness According to Freudian theory, the _____ is the component of personality that forms the basis of our most primitive impulses. Answer= id According to Freudian theory, _____ represents our sense of morality and thoughts. Answer= superego According to the Freudian theory, _____ is the largely conscious controller or decision-maker of personality. Answer= ego Which of the following define the defense mechanism of sublimation? Answer= Channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive desires into acceptable activities. According to Freudian defense mechanisms, _____ can be defined as diverting threatening impulses away from the source of the anxiety and toward a more acceptable source. Answer= displacement Regression is a defense mechanism that: Answer= allows us to retreat to an earlier, more childlike, and safer stage of development. _____ is when the ego makes unacceptable motivations appear as their exact opposite. Answer= Reaction formation When a drama student convinces himself/ herself that getting the part in the play wasn't that important after all, he/ she is using _____ as a defense mechanism. Answer= rationalization According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, pleasure comes from the mouth in the form of sucking, biting and chewing during the _____ stage. Answer= oral According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, the approximate age for the _____ stage is 18 months to 3 years. Answer= anal According to Freud's stages of psychosexual development, during which of the following stages do sexual feelings become less important? Answer= latency ___ is the set of beliefs about who we are. Answer= Self-concept ____ is the motivation to develop our innate potential to the fullest possible extent. Answer= Self-actualization Instincts are complex inborn patterns of behaviors that are shaped by biological necessities such as survival and reproduction. Answer= True The genes of different members of the same species are different. Answer= False One of the parts that divide the influence of nature and nurture by twin studies is _____, indicated when the correlation coefficient for identical twins exceeds that for fraternal twins. Answer= heritability The frequency of occurrence of a given condition in a population at a given time. Answer= prevalence A disgrace or defect that indicates that person belongs to a culturally devalued social group. Answer= stigma The nervousness or agitation that we sometimes experience, often about something that is going to happen. Answer= anxiety The disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and communication and by restricted and repetitive behavior is known as _____. Answer= Autistic disorder _____ is nervousness or agitation that we sometimes experience, often about something that is going to happen. Answer= Anxiety Fear of germs or dirt is known as _____. Answer= mysophobia _____ is a psychological disorder in which the person's frame of mind negatively influences their physical, perceptual, social, and cognitive processes. Answer= Mood disorder Dependent personality disorder is characterized by _____ behavior. Answer= erratic Which of the following personality disorders is characterized by odd or eccentric behavior? Answer= Paranoid A _____ is a disorder characterized by inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others that causes problems in personal, social and work situations. Answer= personality disorder _____ is a psychological disorder in which a person experiences numerous long- lasting but seemingly unrelated physical ailments which have no identifiable physical cause. Answer= Somatization disorder ____ is a psychological disorder in which patients experience specific neurological symptoms such as numbness, blindness, or paralysis. Answer= Conversion disorder _____ is a psychological disorder that is focused on preoccupation, accompanied by excessive worry about having a serious illness. Answer= Hypochondriasis Persistently or recurrently deficient sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity is known as a _____ disorder. Answer= hypoactive sexual desire A psychological disorder that involves extensive, but selective, memory loss, but in which there is no physiological explanation for the forgetting. Answer= dissociative amnesia A psychological disorder in which an individual loses complete memory of his or her identity and may even assume a new one, often far from home. Answer= dissociative fugue A way of understanding disorder that assumes that disorder is caused by biological, psychological, and social factors. Answer= bio-psycho-social model of illness The positive or negative feelings that are in the background of our everyday experiences. Answer= mood psychological disorder in which sexual arousal is obtained from a consistent pattern of inappropriate responses to objects or people, and in which the behaviors associated with the feelings are distressing and dysfunctional. Answer= paraphilia hat do ADHD and autism have in common? Answer= Both disorders are diagnosed more frequently than they were in the past Which of the following is a negative symptom of schizophrenia? Answer= poor hygiene Which of the following best defines autistic disorder? Answer= A disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and repetitive behavior A disorder of neural development characterized by impaired social interaction and repetitive behavior? Answer= generalized anxiety disorder - persistent, uncontrollable, free-floating worry Thomas is experiencing nausea, a feeling of dread, and heart palpitations. He is most likely suffering from. Answer= a panic attack Your text's discussion suggests that scores on the Holmes Stress Scale should be ________ correlated with the likelihood that victims of a natural disaster will develop posttraumatic stress disorder. Answer= positively Which of the following defines dissociative amnesia? Answer= An individual experiences a significant, selective memory loss of about anxiety-provoking event. our text remarks that some clinicians believe that some cases of dissociative identity disorder reflect patients "faking, role-playing, or using the disorder... to justify behavior." In these instances, dissociative identity disorder may actually reflect. Answer= malingering which answer best expresses the relationship between dysthymia and depression? Answer= Dysthymia is less severe than depression. psychologists use the term ________ to refer to a loss of contact with reality. Answer= psychosis Mr. Wallace is schizophrenic. He appears motionless for long periods and is unresponsive to others. Mr. Wallace displays __________. Answer= catatonia Which personality disorder below is CORRECTLY matched with a brief description? Answer= borderline personality disorder —unstable moods and poor personal relationships our text mentions several factors that complicate the diagnosis of personality disorders. Which of the following is NOT among these factors? Answer= Personality disorders are seen only very rarely Carrie is dramatic and emotionally volatile. She rapidly forms intense relationships that seem to blow up or fall apart just as quickly. Although she tends to distrust others, she also needs their attention. Carrie might be diagnosed with _______ personality disorder. Answer= borderline Which of the following defines somatization disorder? Answer= Experiencing numerous long-lasting physical ailments that have no known physical cause Which of the following defines factitious disorder? Answer= Faking physical symptoms to gain attention which of the following is classified as a paraphilia? Answer= masochism Cognitive-behavioral therapy is which type of approach to treatment? Answer= A psychological approach Family therapy is which type of approach to treatment? Answer= A social- cultural approach The social, environmental, and economic vulnerabilities that make it more likely than average that a given individual will develop a disorder. Answer= risk factors Which type of psychotherapy places the greatest emphasis on early childhood and internal emotions and drives? Answer= psychodynamic therapy After telling his psychoanalyst about his relationship with his ex-wife for a few minutes, Jerome suddenly becomes upset and changes the subject. Jerome is exhibiting: Answer= resistance In psychodynamic therapy, what is transference? Answer= the transfer of strong feelings about parents or authority figures to a psychoanalyst An occurrence in psychotherapy in which the patient redirects feelings experienced in an important personal relationship toward the therapist. Answer= transference Person-centered therapy is a specific type of ________ therapy. It is associated with _________. Answer= humanistic; Carl Rogers According to humanistic therapists, psychological disorders are primarily caused by. Answer= limits and expectations imposed by others Which behavior therapy technique is CORRECTLY matched to its description? Answer= systematic desensitization—Gradual exposure to an anxiety-provoking stimulus is paired with relaxation. A behavioral therapy in which positive punishment is used to reduce the frequency of an undesirable behavior. Answer= aversion therapy A hierarchy of fears may be used in. Answer= systematic desensitization A client with social anxiety watches a film in which an individual greets strangers in a crowded room, makes small talk, and smiles pleasantly. The individual in the film appears to gain pleasure from these activities. The behavior therapy technique used in this scenario is: Answer= observational learning "Some people are perfect! Why can't I be perfect? Why is everything I do wrong?" A ________ therapist might encourage a client to change such irrational thoughts. Answer= rational emotive Dialectical behavioral therapy is often used to treat which of the following disorders? Answer= Bipolar personality disorder Tricyclic drugs, MAO inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are examples of which class of drugs? Answer= antidepressants Psychostimulants are used to treat which of the following disorders? Answer= ADHD Which of the following defines electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? Answer= A medical procedure in which brief seizures are created in the brain electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) A medical procedure designed to alleviate psychological disorder in which electric currents are passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure. Answer= electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) Recently, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) has been used to treat not only depression, but also: Answer= Parkinson's disease In its discussion of group therapy, your text states that the therapist "guides the group... to create an atmosphere of support and emotional safety," and that members can "model the successful behaviors of other group members." The quoted phrases suggest that group therapy may incorporate elements of both _______ therapy and _________ therapy, respectively. Answer= humanistic; cognitive- behavioral According to your text, group therapy is especially effective for individuals with: Answer= chronic, serious illness Studies that assess the effectiveness of medical treatments are termed ___________. Answer= outcome research Which of the following correctly defines an important symptom of obsessive Compulsivepersonality disorder?The major features of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) are perfectionism, inflexibility, and need for interpersonal control.
How does dissociative amnesia differ from simple amnesia?Dissociative amnesia is not the same as simple amnesia, which involves a loss of information from memory, usually as the result of disease or injury to the brain. With dissociative amnesia, the memories still exist but are deeply buried within the person's mind and cannot be recalled.
Is a disorder in which a person displays characteristics of two or more distinct personalities?Dissociative Identity Disorder (Multiple Personality Disorder) DID is defined by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states that recurrently take control of behavior. This disorder represents the failure to integrate various aspects of identity, memory, and consciousness.
Is a disorder in which a significant selective memory loss occurs?Dissociative amnesia is a condition in which a person cannot remember important information about their life. This forgetting may be limited to certain specific areas (thematic), or may include much of the person's life history and/or identity (general).
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