Which one of the following qualities is not shared by single-case experimental designs and case studies? a. Publication in peer-reviewed journals
b. Involves one participant
c. Limitations of generalizability
d. Systematic manipulation of the independent variable(s)
Which one of the following qualities is shared by single-case experimental designs and factorial designs? a. Challenges in interpreting interaction effects
b. Difficulty in generalizing findings
c. Manipulation of independent variables
d. Random assignment
In a single-case experimental design, returning to ____________ at least once is
essential for establishing causality. a. intervention
b. baseline
c. reversal
d. temporal
In a reversal design, the temporal order of measurement is: a. intervention, baseline, intervention.
b. baseline, baseline, intervention.
c. baseline, intervention,
baseline.
d. intervention, intervention, baseline.
A reversal design where the researcher fully manipulates the intervention is most similar to: a. a correlational study.
b. a case study.
c. an experimental design.
d. an observational study.
In the ABA design, the “A” denotes…
a. a measure assumed to reflect the effects of the intervention.
b. a measure assumed to reflect baseline.
c. a step in the experiment that marks the beginning of the intervention.
d. a step in the experiment that marks the departure from baseline.
Which of the following describes a drawback of the ABAB design? a. Inability of the
researcher to manipulate the independent variable
b. Unable to rule out the passage of time as a confounding variable
c. Too many interaction effects that are difficult to interpret
d. More demanding in terms of time and resources as compared to a multiple baseline design
Which of the following describes a design that has the highest internal validity out of all the
rest? a. Multiple baseline design
b. Reversal design
c. ABAB design
d. Quasi-experimental design
The carryover effect is least likely to be a problem for: a. within-subjects designs.
b. reversal designs.
c. multiple baseline designs.
d.
between-subjects factorial designs.
Which of the following is true about a quasi-experimental design? a. It enables researchers to make claims of causality to the same extent as full experimental designs.
b. It is distinct from correlational designs because the independent variable is always manipulated.
c. It does not contain random assignment of subjects to conditions.
d. It is considered to be in the same category as observational methods and case study methods since it does not fit into other experimental design category.
Julie's study investigates the effect of gender on snack choice in college students. Subjects are individually brought into a lab at the same time each day and presented with eight snack options commonly found in grocery stores. Julie records which snack each subject eats, if any.
Her study has: a. a full experiment design.
b. a correlational design.
c. a quasi-experimental design.
d. a single-case experimental design.
When a researcher plans a study to examine the effect of three fully-manipulated independent variables on a single dependent variable, the research is using a: a. a single-case experimental
design.
b. a quasi-experimental design.
c. a factorial design.
d. a correlational design.
Eric is interested in investigating how room lighting, air-conditioning and background music work together to affect an individual's reaction time. The best design for his study is: a. a quasi-experimental design.
b. a single-case
experimental design.
c. a factorial design.
d. three separate experiments each manipulating a variable of interest.
Which of the following is true about studies that are factorial designs? a. They can only be run between-subjects.
b. They can only be run within-subjects.
c. They always contain at least two possible
interaction effects.
d. They always contain at least two possible main effects.
How many independent variables are there in a 2 x 4 factorial design? a. 2
b. 6
c. 8
d. 4
How many conditions are there in total in a 5 x 2 factorial design? a. 2
b. 10
c. 7
d. 20
Which of the following statements is true? a. In a higher-level factorial design, the first independent variable is always within-subjects.
b. A factorial design is used when researchers are interested in the interaction effects between multiple independent variables.
c. In a 2 x 2
factorial design, there are 4 independent variables.
d. In a 3 x 2 x 2 factorial design, there are 3 possible interactions in total.
How many potential main effects are there in a 2 x 3 factorial design? a. 2
b. 3
c. 5
d. 6
How many potential two-way interactions are there in a 2 x 2 x
2 factorial design? a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 1
In a 2 x 4 x 4 factorial design… a. when the three-way interaction is significant, there must be at least one significant main effect.
b. when a two-way interaction is significant, there must be at least one significant main effect.
c. there are three possible conditions in total.
d. there is only one possible three-way interaction.
Participant variables are __________________ while experimental variables are _____________________. a. within-subjects; between-subjects
b. between-subjects; within-subjects
c. not manipulated by the experimenter; manipulated by the
experimenter
d. manipulated by the experimenter; not manipulated by the experimenter
Which of the following is a characteristic unique to higher-order factorial designs? a. They allow researchers to examine the causal effects of an independent variable.
b. They are vulnerable to order effects that decrease the validity of the data.
c. They are
vulnerable to ethical concerns such as whether or not to withhold treatment.
d. They allow the researcher to examine more than three variables simultaneously.
Suppose you are interested in studying the causal effect of peer comparison on an individual's persistence on a task. Your friend suggests that the effect of peer comparison on persistence depends on an individual's personality. To take these two factors into account, your
study design should be: a. correlational
b. observational
c. factorial
d. single-case experimental
Which of the following options describes an advantage of mixed factorial designs? a. They are able to reduce variability due to individual differences compared to a between-subjects factorial design.
b. They are able to reduce variability due to individual differences compared to a within-subjects design.
c. They are able to reduce the influence of order effects compared to a within-subjects design.
d. They are able to reduce experimenter bias compared to a single-case experimental design.
Which of the following graphs from a 2 x 2 factorial design does not show an interaction?
What type of research is most appropriate for establishing causality?
The research method which focuses on establishing causal relationships with controls among variables - independent, moderator, and dependent, is called the Experimental method.
Which type of research is best at establishing causality quizlet?
Experiments are the best research method to establish causality.
Which of the following research approaches tests causality?
Answer and Explanation: The only way for a research method to determine causality is through a properly controlled experiment.
What types of study designs can be used to investigate causality among variables?
Experimental research, often called true experimentation, uses the scientific method to establish the cause-effect relationship among a group of variables that make up a study.
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