The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Developmental examined childhood risk factors including _____, and adolescents snares including ____. (choose 1 ) Recommended textbook solutions Social Psychology10th EditionElliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Samuel R. Sommers, Timothy D. Wilson 525 solutions
Consumer Behavior: Buying, Having, Being13th EditionMichael R Solomon 449 solutions HDEV56th EditionSpencer A. Rathus 380 solutions
Myers' Psychology for AP2nd EditionDavid G Myers 900 solutions Which, if any, of these statements support the idea that the MMR vaccine causes autism? (You can choose more than one). A. Sweden and UK studies found the rate of autism in the population before and after the introduction of MMR was similar. B. UK Study: Some children show behavioral signs of autism before they receive the vaccine. C. Denmark: The risk of autism is similar in children vaccinated vs. those not vaccinated (sample included 500,000 children). Autism rates for a population would have increased after the introduction of the MMR vaccine. The onset of symptoms of autism in individuals comes only after vaccination. The rate of autism in a control group will be lower than an experimental group that had the MMR vaccine. None of these are true. There is no evidence along any of these lines. Correlation is not.. causation Experiments are needed to determine cause List the steps in the process of science: What is sample bias? when generalizing from a subset DOES NOT represent the whole How do we avoid sample bias? Random sampling → ex: randomly selecting plants and caterpillars to use in the experiment, and randomly assigning the treatment to the garden plot AND/OR Large sample Compare theory, law, and hypothesis. A LAW is descriptive. But a HYPOTHESIS and a THEORY seek to explain. What is science? Testable List the 5 themes of biology: → Transformations of energy and matter Describe the theme: Transformations of energy and matter Explains how biological molecules (matter) are built, broken, cycle through a system. Energy changing form. Ex: Plants transform light energy from sun into chemical energy. Describe the theme: Structure and function Look for examples where the structure of an organism's anatomy, a cell, an organelle, or a molecule is a good fit for the job it performs. Ex: Hummingbird's long beak for reaching nectar. Describe the theme: Interactions within and between systems Systems, at each new level, a new function emerges as parts work together. Look for examples of processes that keep systems → like your cells, your body, or earth's ecosystems → in balance Describe the theme: Information pathways Look for examples of how information flows in a system, such as how gene products from the Y chromosome cause certain hormones to be produced and testes to develop. Also, informational pathways can break down, look for examples such a how a defect in making one protein can cause cystic fibrosis or how spraying a toxin on a plant leaf causes cell death. Describe the theme: Evolution Life's unity (such as the DNA as a common informational code) and life's diversity (such as the numerous shapes a bird's beak can form) are explained by evolution. Look for evidence of common ancestry as well as evidence for how life changes over time. Match one statement to the theme it matches to best: A. Red pandas share characteristics with giant pandas and raccoons but new evidence suggests they should be classified as their own family. Evolution Interactions Transformations Flow of info Structure and Function List the four major macromolecules (biological polymers) in the cell: Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Which is not consistent with a dehydration reaction? A. A plant cell builds cellulose from the products of photosynthesis. B. A water molecule is lost to the environment. C. A maltose molecule is split into two glucose molecules. D. RNA nucleotides are joined during transcription to form RNA polymers. Dehydration → water lost to environment C → hydrolysis reaction (water is used to break down the bonds of a particular substance) Your liver cells store glycogen. When you have not eaten for a while, the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase breaks down glycogen stored in the liver. Which two molecules below can result from the breakdown of
glycogen in your liver? Maltose The image presented is a: Saturated fatty acid because there are no double bonds. Every carbon is single bonded to a hydrogen or carbon. A triglyceride has what monomers? 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol How does this representation change for a saturated, unsaturated, and trans fat? Draw this cartoon in three forms: What is the difference between the structure of a trans fat vs. an unsaturated fat? Draw a representation designed to teach someone how several unsaturated triglycerides pack together differently compared to several saturated triglycerides. Be sure your drawing shows the difference in their individual structures too. What are phospholipids? A major component of cell membranes How might a dispersant be useful in the human digestive system? Amphiphilic molecules like bile disperse fat into small droplets. What are the only things that can be absorbed into the intestine? Monomers What do we need to know about amino acids? Recognize that some have large R groups, some have small groups. Others hydrophobic R groups, or hydrophilic R groups, and many other chemical differences. 20 amino acids = monomers Amino acid + amino acid = dipeptide How many unique dipeptides can be made from 20 amino acids? 400 Bc we have two "positions" in a dipeptide 20 possibilities x 20 possibilites = 400 How many unique tripeptides can we make from 20 amino acids? 20 x 20 x 20 = 8,000 How big is a protein? Typical: anywhere from a few amino acids to several thousand. Describe 4 protein structures: 1 structure -amino acids (monomers) joined together through a dehydration reaction. The bonds between amino acids are peptide bonds, what kind of bond or linkage are these? 2 structure- held together by weak hydrogen bonds between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another amino acid Tertiary Structure - globular shape; stabilized by interactions between R groups Quaternary Structure - the four identical polypeptides, or subunits are precisely associated into a functional protein You have been hired as an illustrator for a new introductory biology textbook. The authors want you to draw a picture to demonstrate how two amino acids far apart in primary structure can interact in their tertiary structure. Now that you have an idea of the activity and you have your first drawing, draw a second image demonstrating what a mutation in one amino acid might do to your tertiary structure. (You are making a modification to one amino acid in your first drawing). What happens when someone has sickle cell anemia? The amino acid change gives rise to a water-repellant, sticky patch on hemoglobin molecules. They stick together because of that patch, forming rod-shaped clumps that distort normally rounded red blood cells into sickle shapes. These sickled cells can get trapped in capillaries and cause a great deal of pain. What are the covalent bonds that hold primary structure together called? Peptide bonds What bonds hold secondary structure together between the amino end of one amino acid and the carboxy end of another amino acid? Hydrogen bonds What is the tertiary structure held together by? Held together by a variety of interactions between R groups. These include both hydrogen bonds and covalent bonds. Do all proteins have quaternary structures? No, like tertiary structure, quaternary structure is held together by R group interactions. Food contains macromolecules, why do we eat food? Raw organic material for building our own macromolecules (to replenish dead cels and grow). Energy for cellular work Prokaryotes cause _________ and __________ specifically target them. What can prokaryotes cause? diseases, antibiotics Skin infections, food poisoning, ulcers, diarrhea, tuberculosis, ear infections, gum disease, pneumonia, urinary tract infection, and more. Which would make the best antibiotic target? Mitochondria? Ribosomes What are the differences between prokaryotic and animal cells? What are two core themes of antibiotics? 1. Some antibiotics work to break down the structure of the bacterium: destroy the cell wall. 2. Other antibiotics work to destroy information
pathways: How would you kill a cancer cell? What would you need to know? You would need to know what differences exist between cancer cells and their normal counterparts, so you can try to affect ONLY cancer cells. Cancer cells divide faster than normal cells and they often express different proteins. Imagine a factory producing shoes, analogous to a cell producing proteins. Using these data, make a flowchart or a drawing that shows the path that one of these radioactive proteins, insulin, takes through the cell. Using these data, make a flowchart or a drawing that shows the path that one of these radioactive proteins, insulin, takes through the cell. Actual diagram What does insulin normally do? How can muscle and liver cells that take up more glucose then they need store the excess glucose? Store it as glycogen inside cells In type 1 diabetes, if we carry the dysfunctional
factory analogy, it's as if the factory burned down. They don't have the beta pancreatic cells that produce insulin. (Autoimmune reaction- their body destroys these cells). What happens when someone has type I diabetes? Type II? Insulin is absent. Insulin is present; receptor is malfunctioning What might happen if a person injected themselves with too much insulin? What might be the consequence? The insulin would cause the person to take up too much glucose from the blood leading to hypoglycemia. This can be dangerous and can lead to collapse and coma. Compare and contrast hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. Hyperglycemia → high blood sugar; unquenchable thirst, frequent urination, blurry vision, weight loss, etc. Hypoglycemia → low blood sugar; shaking, sweating, fainting, seizure, coma Know the cycle of regulation of blood glucose. Which situation would lead to hyperglycemia? 1 and 3 A defective CFTR gene → defective CFTR protein What is the cause of cystic fibrosis? There is protein (although shortened according to table) but it is not on the surface of lung cells as in normal lungs (microscopic images). Predict what a radioactive experiment would show if we followed the defective CFTR in patients with CF? Trace the path of radioactive CFTR protein being made in a cell with CF: How can a molecule freely cross the cell membrane without the help of a protein transporter? If they are non-polar. What happens to polar molecules in water? Polar molecules have unequal sharing of electrons and dissolve in water. Can water travel freely across a membrane? Water crosses freely and also uses a transporter protein. Membranes are... selectively permeable Are you exposed to endocrine disruptors? Yes, Daily! In tin cans, receipts, fish, sunblock, etc. Relate structure and function to cell membranes. Match: Follows concentration gradient (high to low)- Requires ATP- Movement of ions against a concentration gradient- Movement of oxygen and carbon dioxide down a concentration gradient- Requires a transport protein- Movement of glucose down a concentration gradient- Movement of water down a concentration gradient- Representations of simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. What would be the consequence if glucose transporter proteins were not present in the cell membrane of some cells? Hyperglycemia What is bulk transport? These mechanisms move large molecules or many molecules simultaneously. What kind of bulk transport would be used by the cell in these scenarios? A white blood cell engulfs a bacterium: Many insulin proteins are exported out of the cell after leaving the Golgi Apparatus: Transferrin receptors on the outer surface of bone marrow stem cells attach to the protein transferrin which has iron bound to it. The proteins and the bound iron are brought into the cell via small vesicles: phagocytosis exocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis What is osmosis? passive transport of water water will move from the hypertonic side to the hypotonic side How much water will be on the left side at equilibrium? What would happen if you were to shake salt on a slug Know chart of the different methods of transport. Know chart of the different methods of transport. What does estrogen do? It affects expression of hundreds of different genes in different tissues and organs. It targets multiple organs such as brain, heart, bone, breast, uterus and prostate. In humans, estrogen is associated with many diseases, including osteoporosis, obesity, breast cancer, arteriosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease. Draw a simple diagram comparing how estrogen can affect gene A expression in the brain but Gene B expression in the uterus. Your drawing should also illustrate what you know about how this steroid hormone (lipid-soluble) affects cells. A single hormone can affect ... two target cell types differently What would you predict to be different at the cellular level between estrogen-dependent and estrogen-independent cancer? If you could design a drug to prevent estrogen-dependent breast cancers from growing, how would you do it? Only cells with __________ for a specific hormone can responde to that hormone's signal. receptor Draw a simple picture showing a cell that has both insulin and estrogen receptors: Insulin and glucagon are water-soluble hormones What happens when you fast? What happens after you eat sugary food? Glucagon receptors were mutated to be defective in mice in 2003. These mice were likely to display signs of: hypoglycemia Regulation of blood glucose chart: An imbalance of what type of molecules causes the following? Sexual anatomy may not match genetic identity (XX, XY) Gender identity may not match genetic identity (and may not fit neatly into a binary "two bin" system). Sex hormones, specifically testosterone, during development What do enzymes do to biological molecules (matter)? They build and break matter by lowering the activation energy these reactions require. Which of these statements are FALSE and why? Enzymes are consumed (used up) in reactions. Enzymes lower the energy of activation for a reaction to occur. "Substrate" is another word for reactant. An active site is flexible and fits many different types of substrates. A and D Diagram of substrate level phosphorylation:
Visualize a competitive vs. noncompetitive inhibitor. How does ATP do work? Visualize active transport. Visualize the three types of cellular work that ATP aids in. Diagram of ATP doing work: Imagine you can see an oxygen atom travel through your body. Eventually, that molecule becomes part of H2O in your urine. HOW?? Lungs (entering body) What is metabolic water? In the mitochondria, oxygen accepts electrons that ultimately come from glucose (or other high energy molecule) and joins hydrogen to form "metabolic water" Visualize energy conversion: What is the big picture of aerobic respiration? Comparison of the Main Types of Energy-Releasing Pathways What are the names of the four parts of aerobic respiration? Pathways that break down various food molecules: Which is true? When cells transfer two phosphates to NAD, the coenzyme is reduced to become NADH. NADH is an important electron carrier. NAD+ is the reduced form of this coenzyme. More than one is true. NADH is an important electron carrier. What does it look like when two redox reactions are occurring simultaneously? Visualize glycolysis: What is substrate level phosphorylation? Visualize the link between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle: Visualize the citric acid cycle: Follow the electrons throughout each cycle: Visualize the process of oxidative phosphorylation What does cyanide do to the electron transport chain? blocks electron transport chain from passing electrons to oxygen What does cyanide do to the electron transport chain? Unlike white fat, brown fat contains mitochondria. In brown fat there are high levels of this transport protein, thermogenin, in the inner membrane. Thermogenin is a transport protein. How will thermogenin affect ATP synthesis? Will it be higher, lower, or stay the same. WHY? What does brown fat do the heat during cellular respiration? Brown fat generates heat by not capturing much of the chemical energy of glucose into ATP. (Unlike white fat that has little metabolic activity because it doesn't have many mitochondria. White fat serves as an insulator.) An equilibrium of H+ on both sides of the inner membrane would decrease ATP production, because... less kinetic energy will be available to power ATP synthase. Visualize alcohol fermentation: Lactic acid dehydrogenase is an enzyme expressed mostly only in muscle cells. Yet, some tumor cells express it, what advantage would these tumor cells have by expressing this? Cellular respiration concept map: Where does the weight/mass of a tree come from? CO2 taken in through the plant's leaves. What is a carbon sink and how are trees carbon sinks? → anything that absorbs more carbon than it releases 1/3 of the CO2 released from burning fossil fuels is "soaked up" by forests. What causes CO2 to be released into the atmosphere? → Cellular respiration from producers, consumers, and decomposers. → Burning of wood and fossil fuels (combustion reactions) Visualize the carbon cycle: What are the inputs of the Calvin cycle? What are the outputs of the Calvin cycle? What are the inputs of the light rxns? What are the outputs of the light rxns? Visualize the photosynthesis process: What kind of visible light does a plant use? What kind does it NOT use? Absorbs red Does not use green, reflects green. Visualize a pair of chlorophyll molecules in a photosystem: An electron is energized and transferred to a primary electron acceptor. This creates an electron "hole." From what is the missing electron replaced? water Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis rely on electron transport chains embedded in membranes to produce ATP molecules. Which of the following correctly describes the difference between the two types of electron transport chains? In cellular respiration, the electron source is water; in photosynthesis the electron source is CO2. In cellular respiration, the electron source originates in energy rich food; in photosynthesis the electron source is water. In cellular respiration the final electron acceptor is CO2; in photosynthesis, the final electron acceptor is NADPH Both b and c. b) In cellular respiration, the electron source originates in energy rich food; in In photosynthesis the electron source is water. Compare photophosphorylation to oxidative phosphorylation. Can animal cells do this? How does photophosphorylation compare with oxidative phosphorylation? Mitochondria use oxidative phosphorylation to transfer chemical energy from FOOD into the chemical energy of ATP. Chloroplasts use photophosphorylation to transfer LIGHT energy into the chemical energy of ATP. Photosynthesis diagram |
