shoe size shoe store golden shoe one shoe shoe factory their tongues you stick out your tongue stick your tongue stick out their tongue stick to your tongue
Lecture 2: Vowels1.Definition2.Classification•According to the height to which the tongue israised•According to the part of the tongue which israised•According to the degree of lip rounding3.Describing vowels4.Identifying vowels5.Diphthongs6.Triphthongs1Definition• Vowels are the sounds in the production of which none ofthe articulators come very close together so the passageof air-stream is relatively unobstructed and the air can getout freely.• Vowels are the type of sounds that depend mainly on thevariations in the position of the tongue. They are normallyvoiced.• Vowels can be classified according to three variables:a. Tongue height.b. Part of the tongue which is raisedc. Degree of lip rounding23According to tongue height•According to the height to which the tongue is raised wehave:1.High vowels: are those in the production of which thetongue is high in the mouth. It is raised above its restposition.e.g.:2.Low vowels: are those made with the tongue below itsrest position.e.g.:3.Mid vowels: are those made with the tongue neither highnor low in the mouth.e.g.:4According to the part of the tongue raised•According to the part of the tongue which is raised wehave:1.Front vowels: are those in the production of which thefront of the tongue is the highest point.e.g.2.Back vowels: are those in the production of which theback of the tongue is the highest point.e.g.3.Central vowels: are those made with neither the frontnor the back of the tongue. The tongue is neither highnor low in the mouth when central vowels are produced.e.g.5According to degree of lip rounding•According to the degree of lip rounding we have:1.Rounded vowels: are those made with rounded lips.The corners of the lips are brought towards each otherand the lips are pushed forwards.e.g.2.Unrounded vowels: are those made with the lipsspread. The corners of the lips are moved away fromeach other as for a smile.e.g.3.Neutral vowels: are those made with the lips neitherrounded nor spread.e.g.6Long vowels and short vowels• Long vowels: /, , , , /• Short vowels: /, , , , , , /• Long vowels tend to be longer than short vowels insimilar contexts. The symbols consist of one singlevowel plus a length mark made of two dots. Theyare different from short vowels not only in length butalso in quality, resulting from differences in tongueshapes and lip positions.7Diphthongs1.Definition: A diphthong is a glide from one vowel toanother, and the whole glide acts like one of the longsimple vowels.•In terms of length, diphthongs are like long vowels.The most important thing to remember about all thediphthongs is that the first part is much longer andstronger than the second part. As a result, the secondpart is shorter and quieter.e.g. ////8ClassificationDiphthongsCentringClosing(ending in //)(ending in //)(ending in //)9Examples• //• //• //• //• //• //• //• //10Triphthongs• A triphthong is a glide from one vowel to another andthen to a third, all produced rapidly without interruption.• There are five triphthongs in English. They arecomposed of the five closing diphthongs with // addedat the end.• //• //• //• //• //11Describing and identifying vowels1. Describing: long/short, high/low, front/back,rounded/unrounded.e.g. /e/: short mid front unrounded vowel2. Identifyinge.g. long mid central unrounded vowel: //12
Hiểu rõ nguyên âm là điều cực kỳ quan trọng vì nó là hạt nhân của âm tiết. Theo từ điển Cambridge, nguyên âm là: “một âm thanh do con người phát ra khi hơi thở đi ra khỏi miệng mà không bị cản trở bởi răng, lưỡi hoặc môi”
Ngược lại với nguyên âm, chúng ta dễ dàng đoán được phụ âm được tạo ra khi luồng hơi đi ra và bị chặn hoặc cản trở bởi răng, lưỡi và môi. Vậy bằng cách nào để tạo ra đến 20 nguyên âm khác nhau trong tiếng Anh? Đó là nhờ vào: 3 đặc điểm chính của nguyên âm:
Theo cách phân loại chủ yếu này thì các nguyên âm đơn tiếng Anh được miêu tả như sau:  Nguyên âm còn được phân loại theo độ căng cơ hay độ dài âm:
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